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39353
ADVANCED DATA SHEET -- 8/29/02
AUTOMOTIVE POWERMOSFET CONTROLLER
The A3935 is designed specifically for automotive applications that require high-power motors. The A3935 provides six high-current gate drive outputs capable of driving a wide range of power n-channel MOSFETs. A requirement of automotive systems is steady operation over a varying battery input range. The A3935 integrates a pulse frequency modulated boost converter to create a constant supply voltage for driving the external MOSFETs. Bootstrap capacitors are utilized to provide the above battery supply voltage required for n-channel MOSFETs. Direct control of each gate output is possible via six TTL-compatible inputs. A differential amplifier is integrated to allow accurate measurement of the current in the three-phase bridge. A diagnostic output can be continuously monitored to protect the driver from short-to-battery, short-to-supply, bridge-open, and battery under/overvoltage conditions. Additional protection features include deadtime, VDD undervoltage, and thermal shutdown.
CSP 1 VDSTH 2 LSS 3 GLC 4 SC 5 GHC 6 CC 7 GLB 8 SB 9 GHB 10 CB 11 GLA 12 SA 13 GHA 14 CA 15 VREG 16 VDRAIN 17 VBOOST 18
36 CSN 35 VDD 34 CSOUT 33 OVSET 32 ENABLE
A3935KLQ
31 CHI 30 CLO 29 BLO 28 BHI 27 AHI 26 ALO 25 ~ FAULT 24 OVFLT 23 UVFLT 22 VBAT 21 GND 20 BOOSTD 19 BOOSTS
FEATURES
[44-pin, PLCC pkg. ED also available] ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Load Supply Voltages, VBAT, VDRAIN, VBOOST, BOOSTD.................. 40 V GHA/GHB/GHC, VGHX ............... -4 to 55 V SA/SB/SC, VSX ..................... -4 to 40 V GLA/GLB/GLC, VGLX ............... -4 to 16 V CSP,CSN, LSS ........................ -4 to 6.5 V CA/CB/CC, VCX ............... -0.6 to 55 V Logic Supply Voltage, VDD ...... - 0.3 V to 6.5 V Logic Input/Outputs and OVSET, BOOSTS, CSOUT, VDSTH ............ -0.3 V to 6.5 V Package Thermal Impedances (TA = +25C) ED pkg: JA (JEDEC Hi-K PCB) ...... 23C/W LQ pkg: JA (JEDEC Hi-K PCB) .......44 C/W Operating Ambient Temperature Range, TA .................... -40 C to +135 C Operating Junction Temperature Range, TJ ............................. -40 C to +150 C Storage Temperature Range, TS ............................ -55 C to +150 C
T
Drives Wide Range of N-Channel T Diagnostic Outputs MOSFETs in 3-Phase Bridges T Motor Lead Short-to-Battery, T PFM Boost Converter for Use With Short-to-Ground, and Bridge-Open Protection Low-Voltage Battery Supplies T Internal LDO Regulator for Gate- T Undervoltage Protection Driver Supply T -40C to 150C, TJ Operation T Bootstrap Circuits for High-Side Gate T Thermal Shutdown Drivers T Current Monitor Output T Adjustable Battery Overvoltage Detection.
3935 Automotive Power-MOSFET Controller
Functional Block Diagram (1 of 3 outputs shown)
VBAT
BOOSTD
BOOSTS
VBOOST
VDRAIN (KELVIN) VREG
VBAT
Low Drop Out Linear Regulator
VIGN Motor Supply Voltage
OS (off)
bi
bv OS (blank) External +5V VDD CA
CBOOT
AHI ALO BHI BLO CHI CLO ENABLE Turn ON Delay Low Side Driver Control Logic VREG Turn ON Delay High Side Driver To Phase C
GHA
SA
GLA
To Phase B
~ FAULT OVFLT UVFLT OVSET SA SB SC VDSTH Drain-Source Fault Monitor VREG Undervoltage Short to Ground Short to Battery Bridge Open VDD Undervoltage Thermal Shutdown VBAT Overvoltage VBAT Undervoltage VBAT VREG VDD CSN GND cs + LSS CSP
Phase A
RSENSE
LSS VDD VDRAIN CSOUT
3935
3935 Automotive Power-MOSFET Controller
Terminal Descriptions
GND. Ground or negative side of VDD and VBAT AHI/BHI/CHI. Direct control of high-side gate outputs
GHA/GHB/GHC. Logic "1" drives the gate "on". Logic "0" pulls the gate down, turning off the external power MOSFET. Internally pulled down when terminal is open. supplies.
LSS. Low-side gate driver returns. Connects to the common sources in the low-side of the power MOSFET bridge. OVFLT. Logic "1" means that the VBAT exceeded the VBAT overvoltage trip point set by OVSET level. It will recover after a hysteresis below that maximum value. Has a Hi-Z state. OVSET. A positive, dc level that controls the VBAT
Overvoltage trip point. Usually, provided from precision resistor divider network between VDD and GND, but can be held grounded for a preset value. When terminal is open sets unspecified but high overvoltage trip point.
ALO/BLO/CLO. Direct control of low-side gate outputs GLA/GLB/GLC. Logic "1" drives the gate "on". Logic "0" pulls the gate down, turning off the external power MOSFET. Internally pulled down when terminal is open. BOOSTD. Boost converter switch drain connection. BOOSTS. Boost converter switch source connection CA/CB/CC. High-side connection for bootstrap capacitor,
positive supply for high-side gate drive. The bootstrap capacitor is charged to VREG when the output Sx terminal is Low. When the output swings High, the voltage on this pin rises with the output to provide the boosted gate voltage needed for n-channel power MOSFETs.
SA/SB/SC. Directly connected to the motor terminals,
these pins sense the voltages switched across the load and are connected to the negative side of the bootstrap capacitors. Also, are the negative supply connection for the floating, high-side drivers.
CSN. Input for current-sense, differential amplifier,
inverting, negative side. Kelvin connection for ground side of current-sense resistor.
CSOUT. Amplifier output voltage proportional to current sensed across an external low-value resistor placed in the ground-side of the power MOSFET bridge. CSP. Input for current-sense differential amplifier, noninverting, positive side. Connected to positive side of sense resistor.
UVFLT. Logic "1" means that VBAT is below its minimum value and will recover after a hysteresis above that minimum value. Has a Hi-Z state. [If UVFLT and OVFLT are both in Hi-Z state; then, at least, a Thermal shutdown or VDD Undervoltage has occurred.] VBAT. Battery voltage, positive input and is usually connected to the motor voltage supply. VBOOST. Boost converter output, nominally 16 V, is also input to regulator for VREG. Has internal boost current and boost voltage control loops. In high-voltage systems is approximately one diode drop below VBAT. VDD. Logic supply, positive side. VDRAIN. Kelvin connection for drain-to-source voltage monitor and is connected to high-side drains of MOSFET bridge. High Z when pin is open and registers as a short-toground fault on all motor phases. VDSTH. A positive, dc level that sets the drain-to-source monitor threshold voltage. Internally pulled down when terminal is open. VREG. High-side, gate-driver supply, nominally, 13.5 V.
Has low-voltage dropout (LDO) feature.
ENABLE. Logic "0" disables the gate control signals and switches off all the gate drivers "low" causing a "Coast". Can be used in conjunction with the gate inputs to PWM the load current. Internally pulled down when terminal is open. FAULT\. Diagnostic logic output signal indicates that one
or more fault conditions has occurred, when "Low".
GHA/GHB/GHC. High-side gate drive outputs for n-ch MOSFET drivers. External series gate resistors can control slew rate seen at the power driver gate; thereby, controlling the di/dt and dv/dt of Sx outputs. GLA/GLB/GLC. Low-side gate drive outputs for external, n-channel MOSFET drivers. External series gate resistors can control slew rate
3935 Automotive Power-MOSFET Controller
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (unless noted; -40C < Tj < 150C, 7V < VBAT < 16 V, 4.75V < VDD < 5.25V, ENABLE = 22.5 kHz, 50% Duty cycle, two phases active. (*) or Typ. for design guide, only. Neg. current flows out of designated pin.) Characteristics Power Supply
VDD Supply Current VBAT Supply Current Battery Voltage Operating Range Bootstrap Diode Forward Voltage IDD IBAT VBAT VDBOOT All logic inputs = 0 V. All logic inputs = 0 V. See Absolute Maximum Ratings. IDBOOT = 10 mA IDBOOT = 100 mA Bootstrap Diode Resistance Bootstrap Diode Current Limit Bootstrap Quiescent Current Bootstrap Refresh Time * rDBOOT ILIM I CX tREFRESH rD(100 mA)=[VD (150) -VD (50]/100 3 V < [VREG - VCX] < 12 V VCX = 40V, GHx = ON VSX = LOW to guarantee V=+0.5 V refresh of 0.47 uF Boot Cap at Vcx -Vsx = +10 V. VBAT=7 V to 40 V, Vboost from Boost Reg. 12.7 7 0.8 1.5 2.5 -150 10 7 3 40 2 2.3 7.5 -900 30 2.0 mA mA V V V mA uA us
Symbol
Test Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
VREG Output Voltage
1
VREG
14
V
VREG Dropout Voltage 2
Gate Drive Avg. Supply Current * VREG Input Bias Current
VREGDO
IREG IREGBIAS
VREGDO = Vboost - Vreg, Ireg = 40 mA
No external dc load at Vreg. Creg=10 uF. Current into VBOOST, ENABLE = 0.
-
0.9
40
V
mA mA
4
Boost Supply
VBOOST Output Voltage Limit VBOOST Output Volt. Limit Hysteresis Boost Switch ON Max. Boost Switch Current Boost Current Limit Threshold Volt. OFF Time Blanking Time VBOOSTLIM VHYST rDS(on) IBOOST_SW VBI tOFF tBLANK Increasing VBOOSTS 0.45 3 100 IBOOSTD < 300 mA. VBAT = 7 V 14.9 35 1.4 16.3 180 3.3 300 0.55 8 220 V mV mA V uS nS
Footnotes: 1) For Vboostlim < Vboost < 40 V power dissipation in the Vreg LDO increases. Observe Tj < 150C limit. 2) With Vboost decreasing Dropout Voltage measured at VREG = VREGref - 200 mV where VREGref = VREG at Vboost= 16 V.
3935 Automotive Power-MOSFET Controller
Characteristics Control Logic
Logic Input Voltages VIN (1) VIN (0) Logic Input Currents IIN (1) IIN (0) Input Hysteresis Logic Output HIGH Voltage Logic Output LOW Voltage Minimum high level input for logical "one". Maximum low level input for logical "zero". VIN = VDD VIN = 0.8 V 2.0 - - 50 100 Ioh = - 800 uA Iol = 1.6 mA VDD -.8 .4 200 - - - .8 500 V V A A mV V V
Symbol
Test Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
Vhys
Voh Vol
Gate Drives, GHx, GLx ( internal SOURCE or upper switch stages)
Output HIGH Voltage VDSL(HI) GHx: IxU = -10 mA, Vsx=0 GLx: IxU = -10 mA, Vlss=0 Source Current (pulsed) IxU VSDU = 10 V, Tj = 25 C VSDU = 10 V, Tj = 135 C Source ON Resistance rSDU(on) IxU = -150 mA, Tj = 25 C IxU = -150 mA, Tj = 135 C 400 4 7 10 15 VREG - 2.26 VREG - 0.26 800 VREG VREG V V mA mA
Gate Drives, GHx, GLx ( internal SINK or lower switch stages)
Sink Current (pulsed) IxL VDSL = 10 V, Tj = 25 C VDSL = 10 V, Tj = 135 C Sink ON Resistance rDSL(on) IxL = +150 mA, Tj = 25 C IxL = +150 mA, Tj = 135 C 550 1.8 3.0 6.0 7.5 850 mA mA
Gate Drives, GHx, GLx (General)
Propagation Delay, Logic only Prop Delay Differences Dead Time (Shoot-through Prevention) tPROP tPROP tDEAD Logic input to unloaded GHx, GLx Grouped by edge, phase-to-phase. Between GHx, GLx transitions of same phase 75 150 50 180 nS nS nS
Notes:
For GHX: VSDU = VCX - VGHX . VDSL = VGHX - VSX .
VDSL(HI) =
For GLX: VSDU = VREG - VGLX . VDSL = VGLX - VLSS .
VDSL(HI) =
VCX - VSDU - VSX .
VREG - VSDU - VLSS .
3935 Automotive Power-MOSFET Controller
Characteristics
Sense Amplifier Input Bias Current Input Offset Current Input Impedance * IBIAS IOS RIN CSP=CSN=0 V. CSP=CSN=0 V. CSP with respect to gnd. CSN with respect to gnd. Diff. Input Operating Voltage * Output Offset Voltage Output Offset Voltage Drift * Input Common Mode Oper. Range * Voltage Gain Low Output Voltage Error DC Common Mode Gain Output Impedance * Output Dynamic Range VID VOSOUT VOSOUT VCM AV Verr ACM ROUT VCSOUT VID = CSP - CSN. -1.3V < CSP,N < 4V. CSP=CSN=0V CSP=CSN=0V CSP = CSN VID = 40 mV to 200 mV Vid = 0 to 40 mV, Vout = 19.2*Vid + Vos + Verr CSP = CSN = +200 mV VCSOUT = 2.0 V ICSOUT = -100 uA at top rail, 100 uA at bottom rail. VCSOUT = 2.5 V VCSOUT = 2.5 V CSP=CSN=GND. Freq = 0 to 1 MHz CSP=CSN=GND. Freq = 0 to 300 kHz 10 mv input Vcm = 250 mV/pp, Freq = 0 to 800 kHz 200 mV step input. Meas. 10/90 % points. 10 1.6 -26 0.075 8 VDD .25 -1.5 18.6 -25 19.2 77 250 100 4 19.8 +25 -28 -360 -35 80 4 200 450 -180 35 uA uA k k mV mV uV/C V V/V mV dB V
Symbol
Test Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
Output Current, Sink Output Current, Source VDD Supply Ripple Gain VREG Supply Ripple Gain Small Signal 3-dB Bandwidth ( * ) AC Common-Mode Gain | Output Slew Rate |
ISINK ISOURCE PSRG PSRG B Acm SR
20 -1 -20 -45
mA mA dB dB MHz dB V/us
3935 Automotive Power-MOSFET Controller
Characteristics Fault Logic
VDD Under-voltage VDD Under-voltage Hysteresis OVSET Operating Voltage Range * OVSET Calibrated Voltage Range OVSET Input Current Range VBAT Over-voltage Range VBAT Over-voltage VBAT Over-voltage Hysteresis VBAT Over-voltage Gain Constant * VBAT Under-voltage VBAT Under-voltage Hysteresis VREG Under-voltage VUVDD VHYSDD VOVSET VOVSET IOVSET VOVBAT VOVBAT VHYSOVBAT KOVBAT VUVBAT VHYSUVBAT VUVREG 0 V < VOVSET < 2.5 Increasing VBAT , VOVSET = 0 v Percent of VOVBAT value set by VOVSET VOVBAT = ( KOVBAT VOVSET ) + VOVBAT [0] Decreasing VBAT Percent of VUVBAT Decreasing VREG 5 8 9.9 Decreasing VDD VUVDD_RECOVERY = VUVDD + VHYSDD 3.8 100 0 0 -1 19.4 19.4 9 12 5.25 5.5 12 11.1 22.4 4.3 300 VDD 2.5 +1 40 25.4 15 V mV V V uA V V % V/V V % V
Symbol
Test Conditions
Min.
Typ.
Max.
Units
VDSTH Input Range * VDSTH Input Current Short-to-Ground Threshold
VDSTH IDSTH VSTG VDSTH > 0.8 V With a High-side driver "on", as VSX decreases, VDRAIN - VSX > VSTG causes a fault. With a Low-side driver "on", as VSX increases, VSX - VLSS > VSTB causes a fault. 7 V < VBAT < 40 V
0.5 40 VDSTH -0..3 VDSTH -0.3 -0.3
3 100 VDSTH + 0.2 VDSTH + 0.2 VBAT+ 2 1.0 3
V uA V
Short-to-Battery Threshold
VSTB
V
VDRAIN /Open Bridge Operating Range VDRAIN /Open Bridge Leakage Curr. VDRAIN /Open Bridge Threshold Volt.
VDRAIN
V
I (V DRAIN) V BDGOTH
7 V < VBAT < 40 V. If VDRAIN < VBDGOTH then a Bridge fault occurs.
0 1
mA V
Thermal Shutdown Temp. * Thermal Shutdown Hysteresis *
TJ TJ
160 7
170 10
180 13
C C
3935 Automotive Power-MOSFET Controller
Functional Description
Motor Lead Protection. A fault detection circuit
monitors the voltage across the drain to source of the external MOSFETs. A fault is asserted "Low" on the output pin, FAULT\, if the voltage across the drain-to-source of any MOSFET that is instructed to turn on is greater than the voltage applied to the VDSTH input terminal. When a highside switch is turned on, the voltage from pin VDRAIN to the appropriate motor phase output, VSX, is examined. If the motor lead is shorted to ground before the high side is turned on, the measured voltage will exceed the threshold and the FAULT\ pin will be go "Low". Similarly, when a low-side MOSFET is turned on, the differential voltage between the motor phase (drain) and the LSS pin (source) is monitored. The VDSTH voltage is set by a resistor divider to VDD. Pin VDRAIN is intended to be a Kelvin connection for the high-side, drain-source monitor circuit. Voltage drops across the power bus are eliminated by connecting a private PCB trace from the VDRAIN pin to the drain of the MOSFET bridge. This allows improved accuracy in setting the VDSTH threshold voltage. The low-side, drain-source monitor uses the LSS pin, rather than VDRAIN pin, in comparing against the VDSTH voltage. The A3935 merely reports these motor faults.
OVFLT. Asserts "High" when a VBAT Overvoltage fault
occurs and resets after a recovery hysteresis. It has a Hi-Z state when a thermal shutdown or VDD undervoltage occurs. The voltage at the OVSET pin, VOVSET, controls the VBAT overvoltage set point VOVBAT, i.e., VOVBAT = ( KOVBAT VOVSET ) + VOVBAT[0], where KOVBAT is the gain and VOVBAT[0] is the value of VOVBAT when VOVSET is zero. For valid formula, all variables must be in range and below maximum operating spec.
UVFLT. Asserts "High" when a VBAT undervoltage fault occurs and resets after a recovery hysteresis. It has a Hi-Z state when a thermal shutdown or VDD undervoltage occurs. OVFLT and UVFLT are mutually exclusive by definition. Current Sensing. A current sense amplifier is provided
to allow system monitoring of the load current. The differential amplifier inputs are intended to be Kelvin connected across a low-value sense resistor or current shunt. The output voltage is represented by: VCSOUT = ( ILOAD AV RSENSE ) + VOS Where VOS is output voltage calibrated at zero load current and AV = diff amp gain of about 19.
Fault Outputs. Transient faults on any of the fault outputs are to be expected during switching and will not disable the gate drive outputs. External circuitry or controller logic must determine if the faults represent a hazardous condition. FAULT\. The FAULT\ terminal will go active "Low" when
any of the following conditions occur: VBAT Overvoltage VBAT Undervoltage VREG Undervoltage Motor Lead Short-to-Ground Motor Lead Short-to-Supply (or Battery). Bridge (or VDRAIN) Open VDD Undervoltage Thermal Shutdown
Shutdown. If a fault occurs because of excessive junction temperature or undervoltage on V DD or VBAT, all gate driver outputs are driven "Low" until the fault condition is removed. In addition, the boost supply switch and the VREG are turned "off" until those undervoltages and junction temperatures recover. Boost Supply. The VBOOST voltage is controlled by an inner current-control loop, and by an outer voltage-feedback loop. The current-control loop turns "off" the boost switch for 5 us whenever the voltage across the boost current-sense resistor exceeds 500 mV. A diode reverse-recovery current flows through the sense resistor whenever the boost switch turns "on" that could turn it "off", again, if not for the "blanking time" circuit. Adjustment of this external sense resistor determines the maximum current in the inductor. Whenever VBOOST exceeds the predefined threshold, nominally 16 V, the boost switch is inhibited.
3935 Automotive Power-MOSFET Controller
Input Logic.
Enable 0 1 1 1 1 (x)LO X 0 0 1 1 (x)HI X 0 1 0 1 GL(x) 0 0 0 1 0 GH(x) 0 0 1 0 0 Mode of Operation All gate-drive outputs Low All gate drive outputs Low High Side On Low Side On XOR feature prevents shoot-through.
Fault Responses.
FAULT MODE No Fault Short-to-Battery Short-to-Ground VREG Undervoltage VDD Undervoltage or Thermal Shutdown ! Bridge (VDRAIN) Fault VBAT Overvoltage VBAT Undervoltage ! ENABLE X 1* 1* X X 1* X X FAULT\ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OVFLT 0 0 0 0 Z 0 1 0 UVFLT 0 0 0 0 Z 0 0 1 BOOST REG. ON ON ON ON OFF ON OFF* O FF VREG REG. ON ON ON ON OFF ON ON OFF GHX 0 0 GLX 0 0
Notes: OFF* = Off, only because VBOOST ~ VBAT is above the voltage threshold of the regulator's voltage control loop. x = "little x "indicates A, B, or C phase. X = "Capital X " indicates a "don't care". - = Depends on (x)LO, (x)HI inputs and ENABLE. Z = Tri-stated output. 1* = Short-to-Battery can only be detected when the corresponding GLX = 1. Similarly, Short-to-Ground can only be detected when the corresponding GHX = 1. Bridge Fault appears as a Short-to-Ground Fault on all motor phases. These faults are not detected when ENABLE = 0 ! = These Faults are not only reported but action is taken by the internal logic to protect the 3935 and the system.
3935 Automotive Power-MOSFET Controller
Terminal List
LQ pin # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Pin Name CSP VDSTH LSS GLC SC GHC CC GLB SB GHB CB GLA SA GHA CA VREG VDRAIN VBOOST BOOSTS BOOSTD GND VBAT UVFLT OVFLT FAULT\ ALO AHI BHI BLO CLO CHI ENABLE OVSET TP CSOUT VDD CSN GND Pin Description Current-sense input, positive-side DC Input, Drain-to-Source Monitor Threshold Voltage Low-Side, Gate Drive Source returns Low-Side C Gate Drive Output Motor Phase C Input High-Side C Gate Drive Output Bootstrap C Cap Low-Side B Gate Drive Output Motor Phase B Input High-Side B Gate Drive Output Bootstrap B Cap Low-Side A Gate Drive Output Motor Phase A Input High-Side A Gate Drive Output Bootstrap A Cap Gate Drive Supply, Positive Kelvin Connection to MOSFET High-Side Drain Boost Supply Output Boost Switch, Source Boost Switch, Drain Ground, DC Supply Returns, Negative Battery Supply Connection, Positive VBAT Undervoltage Fault VBAT Overvoltage Fault Fault Output, Primary Gate Control Signal, A, Low-Side Gate Control Signal, A, High-Side Gate Control Signal, B, High-Side Gate Control Signal, B, Low-Side Gate Control Signal, C, Low-Side Gate Control Signal, C, High-Side Gate Output Enable DC Input, Overvoltage Threshold Setting for VBAT Test Point for manufacturing test use, only. Current-Sense Amplifier Output Logic Supply, Positive Current-Sense Input, Negative-Side GROUND, DC Supply Returns, Negative. Heat Path, Die Attach, Connected to Chip GND at Terminal 12.
ED pin # 31 32 33 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1,2,11,12,22, 23,34,35

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